ჩუქების ხელშეკრულება

Cuqebis xelSekruleba

Sevecdebi mokled davaxasiaTo Cuqebis xelSekruleba da Sevexo ramdenime problemur sakiTxs, romlebic albaT TqvenTvisac saintereso iqneba.

daviwyoT zogadi daxasiaTebiT, Tu ra aris Cuqebis xelSekruleba, rogoria misi ZiriTadi maxasiaTebeli Tvisebebi, rogor xdeba Cuqebis xelSekrulebis dadeba da
ra proceduraa amisTvis saWiro, ra momentidan iTvleba Cuqebis xelSekruleba dadebulad, ras niSnavs saCuqris dapireba, ra SemTxvevaSia Cuqeba dauSvebeli. gansakuTrebiT ki minda Sevexo or sakiTxs, kerZod:

1. warmoSobs Tu ara Cuqebis valdebulebas saCuqris dapireba?

2. Cuqebis dauSvebloba (526-e muxli) da gaCuqebuli nivTis gamoTxova (530-e muxlis I punqti)

Zveli romis samarTalSi Cuqebis xelSekruleba araformaluri xelSekruleba iyo da mas pactum donationis ewodeboda. xelSekrulebis mxareebs  warmoadgendnen gamCuqebeli da dasaCuqrebuli. Cuqebis xelSekrulebiT gamCuqebeli gadascemda dasaCuqrebuls raime faseulobas, im mizniT rom gamoeCina mis mimarT guluxvoba. dasaCuqreba ki unda momxdariyo gamCuqeblis qonebis xarjze.

romaeli iuristebi Cuqebis xelSekrulebas im SeTanxmebad miiCnevdnen, romelic arc erTi tipis xelSekrulebas (pacta) ar Seesabameboda.  magram, garkveuli periodis Semdeg is aRiarebul iqna tipur xelSekrulebad da mas icavda kanonmdebloba. mniSvneloba ar hqonda xelSekrulebis dadebis formas.

im SemTxvevaSi, Tu saCuqris Rirebuleba 500 oqros aRemateboda, misi CuqebisTvis aucilebeli iyo sasamarTlos winaSe aRniSnulis Taobaze gancxadeba da Semdeg reestrSi registracia.

romis samarTali icnobda Cuqebis dapirebis cnebas, romelic Cuqebis sagans warmoadgenda. igive SegviZlia vTqvaT valis patiebazec.

rac Seexeba Cuqebis xelSekrulebas Tanamedrove qarTul samoqalaqo samarTalSi. aRniSnuli xelSekruleba mowesrigebulia saqarTvelos samoqalaqo kodeqsis valdebulebiTi samarTlis kerZo nawilis pirveli karis meore TaviT, 524-530-e muxlebiT.

s.s.k-is 524-e muxlis Tanaxmad, “Cuqebis xelSekrulebiT mCuqebeli usasyidlod gadascems dasaCuqrebuls qonebas sakuTrebad misi TanxmobiT”. rogorc vxedavT, Cuqebis xelSekrulebis dasadebad mxolod erTi mxaris, mCuqeblis, neba ar aris sakmarisi. amasTan erTad aucilebeli pirobaa meore mxaris, dasaCuqrebulis, Tanxmoba.

pirvel rigSi unda aRvniSnoT is ZiriTadi maxasiaTebeli Tvisebebi, rogoricaa Cuqebis xelSekrulebis  calmxrivoba, misi usasyidlo xasiaTi, da realuroba.

ras niSnavs calmxrivoba da ratom aris mocemuli xelSekruleba calmxrivi? xelSekruleba calmxrivia, radganac xdeba nivTis gadacema erTi piris mier meoris sakuTrebaSi da mas sapasuxo qmedeba ar mohyveba, magaliTad fuladi anazRaureba an sxva saxis nivTis sapasuxod gadacema.

Cuqebis xelSekrulebis ZiriTadi maxasiaTebeli rogorc aRvniSne aris misi usasyidlo xasiaTi. es niSnavs, rom saCuqari, anu nivTi romelsac mCuqebeli dasaCuqrebuls gadascems, ar aris gansazRvruli ekvivalenturobis matarebeli. anu, xdeba nivTis gadacema sakuTrebaSi usasyidlod, yovelgvari saxis anazRaurebis gareSe. mCuqebels ara aqvs ufleba dasaCuqrebuls mosTxovos Semxvedri dakmayofileba. xSiria SemTxvevebi, rodesac Cuqebis xelSekrulebas iyeneben sxva xelSekrulebis dasafarad. aseTi xelSekruleba TvalTmaqcur xelSekrulebad iTvleba.

       SeiZleba Tu ara ama Tu im sagnis nebismieri, Tundac ucxo, pirisaTvis gadacema CaiTvalos Cuqebis xelSekrulebad? amaze batobi r. Sengelia ambobs, rom ar SeiZleba Cuqebis xelSekrulebad CaiTvalos magaliTad ucxo pirisaTvis sigaretis miwodeba, yvavilis mirTmeva, pensiis an daxmarebis micema da a.S. Cuqebad ar iTvleba agreTve movalis mier kreditorisaTvis giraos saxiT Tavisi qonebis nawilis gadacema.

       ra aris Cuqebis xelSekrulebis daniSnuleba da ra mizani? Cuqebis daniSnuleba aris dasaCuqrebulis qonebis gazrda, romelic aucileblad unda moxdes damsaCuqreblis qonebis xarjze. Sesabamisad, moxdeba mCuqeblis qonebis Semcireba. swored es ganasxvavebs Cuqebas anderZisgan. anderZis dros mamkvidrebeli memkvirdeobiT gadascems Tavis qonebas kanoniT anda anderZiT memkvidreebs. magram ar xdeba misi (mamkvidreblis) qonebis Semcireba sanam is cocxalia. es qoneba am ukanasknelis sikvdilis Semdeg gadadis memkvidreebze. Sesabamisad, ver vimsjelebT gardacvlili piris qonebis Semcirebaze. mniSvnelovani aris isic, rom Cuqebad ar CaiTvleba erTi piris qonebis gazrda dameoris qonebis Semcireb, Tu ar iqneba dasaCuqrebulis Tanxmoba.

      

       Cuqebis xelSekrulebis mxareebi SeiZleba iyvnen rogorc fizikuri, ise iuridiuli pirebi, romlebsac gaaCniaT samoqalaqo uflebaunarianoba da qmedunarianoba. mxareebad gvevlinebian erTis mxriv mCuqebeli da meores mxriv dasaCuqrebuli. xelSekrulebis sagani ki SeiZleba iyos mravalgvari, rogorc moZravi, ise uZravi nivTebi, aseve calkeuli uflebebic.

       xelSekruleba SeiZleba daidos rogorc zepiri, ise werilobiTi formiT. Tu Cuqebis sagani moZravi nivTia, aseTi xelSekrulebis dadeba xdeba zepiri formi, xolo uZravi nivTis SemTxvevaSi samoqalaqo kodeqsis Tanaxmad aucilebelia werilobiTi forma.

      

ra momentidan iTvleba xelSekruleba dadebulad moZravi da uZravi nivTebis SemTxvevaSi? Tu xdeba moZravi novTis gaCuqeba, aseTi xelSekruleba rogorc zemoT aRvniSne ar saWiroebs werilobiT formas da igi zepiri saxiT ideba. am SemTxvevaSi xelSekruleba dadebulad iTvleba nivTis gadacemis momentidan, anu rodesac mCuqebeli gadascems nivTs dasaCuqrbuls sakuTrebaSi. sakuTrebaSi gadacema ki gulisxmobs mxaris SesaZleblobas Tavisuflad flobdes, sargeblobdes da gankargavdes qonebas. uZrav nivTze Cuqebis xelSekruleba dadebulad iTvleba xelSekrulebiT gansazRvruli sakuTrebis uflebis sajaro reestrSi registraciis momentidan. winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi xelSekruleba baTilad CaiTvleba.

exla ki is ori sakiTxi, romlebzec mindoda yuradRebis gamaxvileba.

samoqalaqo kodeqsis 525-e muxlis mesame punqti exeba Cuqebis dapirebas da ambos, rom “saCuqris dapireba warmoSobs Cuqebis valdebulebas mxolod maSin, Tu igi werilobiTi formiTaa dadebuli”.

daviwyoT imiT, Tu ras niSnavs Cuqebis dapireba. rogorc Cemi postis meoTxe abzacSi aRvniSne, Cuqebis dapirebas romis samarTalic icnobda. Cuqebis dapireba namdvilad iTvleboda, Tu is ganxorcieldeboda stipulatio-s formiT. stipulatio iyo sityvieri formula. masSi dasmuli iyo SekiTxva, Tu ras miscemda  an gaakeTebda erTi piri meoris mimarT da, Sesabamisad piri pasuxs scemda am SekiTxvas.

gadmovinacvloT qarTul samarTalSi.  Cuqebis dapireba aris winare xelSekrulebis nairsaxeoba da ar SeiZleba igi CavTvaloT ukve dadebul Cuqebis xelSekrulebad, im martivi mizezis gamo, rom misi dadebis dros mxareebi winaswar Tanxmdebian momavalSi Cuqebis xelSekrulebis gaformebaze.  anu, Cuqebis dapireba xdeba momavalSi Cuqebis xelSekrulebis dadebis safuZveli.

1.warmoSobs Tu ara Cuqebis valdebulebas saCuqris dapireba? pasuxi martivia. s.s.k-is 525-e muxlis mesame punqtis Tanaxmad, saCuqris dapireba maSin warmoSobs Cuqebis valdebulebas, Tu is Sedgenilia weilobiTi formiT, winaaRmdeg SemTxevaSi is aranair valdebulebas ar warmoSobs. logikuria gagviCndes kiTxva SeuZlia Tu ara mCuqebels uari Tqvas momavalSi Cuqebis xelSekrulebis gaformebaze Tu man werilobiTi formiT Seadgina saCuqris dapireba?da xom ar daekisreba mas raime valdebuleba xelSekrulebis Seusruleblobis (Cuqebis Seusruleblobis) SemTxvevaSi? mCuqebels SeuZlia yvela nebismier SemTxvevaSi Tqvas uari Cuqebaze, magram garkveul SemTxvevaSi mas daekisreba zianis anazRaurebis valdebuleba. magaliTisTvis moviyvanoT aseTi SemTxveva: mamam Svils dahpirda mis sakuTrebaSi arsebuli samoTaxiani binis Cuqebas, misi werilobiTi formiT Sedgenidan 2 Tvis vadaSi. Svilma, im imediT rom mama 2 TveSi mas binas aCuqebda gayida Tavisi erToTaxiani bina da realizaciiT miRebuli TanxiT  SeiZina aveji da saWiro nivTebi. gavida 2 Tve da mamam piroba ar Seasrula. Svili mamis aseTi saqcielis gamo mZime mdgomareobaSi aRmoCnda, radganac mas ar gaaCnda sacxovrebeli da arc imis saSualeba hqonda, droebiTi sacxovrebeli enaxa. mocemuli SemTxvevaSi mamas daekisreba zianis anazRaurebis movaleoba Svilis mimarT, radgan misma saqcielma (pirobis Seusruleblobam) mZime mdgomareobaSi Caayena Svili. mas daekisreba im zianis anazRaureba, rac uaris Tqmas mohyva. magram, Tu gairkveva, rom mamam sapatio mizeziT Tqva uari pirobis Sesrulebaze, is gaTavisufldeba zianis anazRaurebis valdebulebisgan. sapatio mizezad SeigviZlia CavTvaloT iseTi SemTxveva, Tu pirobis Sesruleba

saarsebo wyaros uspobs Sempirebels. amgvarad, SesaZlebeli unda iyos dapirebul saCuqarze uaris Tqma. SegviZlia gavakeToT daskvna, rom saCuqris dapireba yovelTvis ar warmoSobs Cuqebis valdebulebas.

2. Cuqebis dauSvebloba (526-e muxli) da gaCuqebuli nivTis gamoTxova (530-e muxlis I punqti).

s.s.k-is 526-e muxlis Tanaxmad, “pirs ufleba ara aqvs gaaCuqos qoneba, Tu qonebis gaCuqeba saarsebo wyaros uspobs mCuqebels an mis kmayofaze myof pirebs”.

       erTi SexedviT TiTqos yvelaferi gasagebia, magram Tu CavuRrmavdebiT am muxls, garkveul problemas davinaxavT, rogorc es batonma g. metrevelma dainaxa. raSi mdgomareobs es problema Tu nebiTi an uneblie xarvezi? maS ase, rogorc zemoT mocemul muxlSi weria, pirs im SemTxvevaSi aqvs ufleba Tavisi qoneba saCuqrad gadasces meore pirs, Tu aseTi qmedeba “mas” (mCuqebels) an “mis kmayofaze myof pirebs” saarsebo wyaros uspobs da mZime mdgomareobaSi ayenebs. savsebiT misaRebia aseTi SezRudva mxolod mCuqeblis kmayofaze myofi pirebis SemTxvevaSi, magram gaugebaria ratom SeuzRuda kanonmdebelma mCuqebels nivTis gaCuqeba Tu es masve (mCuqebels) Caagdebs mZime mdgomareobaSi. ufro gasagebi rom iyos moviSvelieb sakuTrebis uflebis cnebas, romlis Tanaxmadac “mesakuTres SeuZlia, kanonismieri an sxvagvari, kerZod, saxelSekrulebo SeboWvis farglebSi Tavisuflad flobdes, sargeblobdes qonebiT, ar dauSvas sxva pirTa mier am qonebiT sargebloba, gankargos igi, Tuki amiT ar ilaxeba mezoblebis an sxva mesame pirTa uflebebi, anda Tu es moqmedeba ar warmoadgens uflebis borotad gamoyenebas” (s.s.k-is 170-e mixlis pirveli punqti). gamodis rom, 526-e muxli pirdapir laxavs sakuTrebis gankargvis Tavisuflebas. mesakuTris mimarT sakuTrebis gankargvis SezRudva samarTliani iqneboda Tu saxeze gveqneboda sakuTrebis socialuri funqcia. ratom unda SeuzRudos kanonmdebelma pirs nivTis gankargva (am SemTxvevaSi gaCuqebis saxiT) Tue s ar laxavs sxva pirTa uflebebs da amiT ziani ar adgena mesame pirebs? gamodis, rom kanonmdebeli mCuqebels icavs Tavisi qmedebisgan im SemTxvevaSic, Tu mas ar hyavs Tavis kmayofaze myofi pirebi.

       yvelafers rom Tavi davaneboT, rogor unda gansazRvroT Tu rodis moespoba mCuqebels saarsebo wyaro an moespoba Tu ara saerTod da ras miiCnevs kanonmdebeli saarsebod wyarod? amis dadgena TiTqmis SeuZlebelia, radgan “saarsebo wyaro” zogadi cnebaa da is unda Sefasdes yovel konkretul SemTxvevaSi individualurad. magaliTad, Tu 100 erTi pirisTvis saarsebo wyaroa ori kviris ganmavlobaSi, meore pirisTvis SesaZloa es Tanxa saarsebo wyaro iyos mxolod erTi dRisTvis im martivi mizezis gamo, rom SeiZleba am ukanasknels mZime daavadeba hqondes, risi mkurnalobac did xarjebs moiTxovs.

       yovelive zemoT aRniSnuls SegviZlia davamatoT isic, rom samoqalaqo samarTlebriv urTierTobebSi monawileobis ufleba yvela qmeduran pirs aqvs. maT ufleba aqvT dadon esa Tu is xelSekruleba da TavianTi nebis Sesabamisad. 526-e muxli ki pirs aRniSnul uflebas uzRudavs, izRudeba piris neba sakuTari Sexedulebisamebr gankargos Tavisi qoneba, Tu amiT ar ilaxeba sxvaTa uflebebi. rogorc batoni g. metreveli aRniSnavs “Tanamedrove samoqalaqo kodeqsebSi ar aris msgavsi normebi. aRsaniSnavia, rom germaniis samoqalaqo kodeqsSi saerTod Znelia iseTi normebis moZebna, romelic mowmobs kanonmdeblis principul interess, xelSekrulebis socialuri funqciis, misi Sinaarsis an Sedegebisadmi, vinaidan iTvleba, rom adamians (sruli qmedunariani), romelic debs xelSekrulebas, SeuZlia damoukideblad agos pasuxi sakuTar moqmedebebsa da mis Sedegebze.”

       s.s.k-is 526-e muxli zRudavs rogorc xelSekrulebis Taviseflebis, ise nebis avtonomiurobis princips. im SemTxvevaSi Tu mxareTa Soris gafomdeba Cuqebis xelSekruleba, romelic winaaRmdegobaSi modis 526-e muxlTan, is baTili iqneba da mxareebi pirvandel mdgomareobas daubrundebian. xelSekrulebas sasamarTlo cnobs baTilad. metrevelis TqmiT es TiTqmis SeuZlebelia, radgan sasamarTlos rogorc viciT piri mimarTavs Tavisi uflebis an kanoniT gaTvaliswinebuli interesebis dasacavd da Sesabamisad, rTuli warmosadgenia pirma, romelmac gamoTqva survili nivTis gaCuqebaze, TviTon Seitanos gancxadeba Tavisi Tavis mimarT.

       Tqvens yuradRebas mivapyrob aseve s.s.k-is 530-e muxlis pirvel ounqtze, romelic iTvaliswinebs ukve gaCuqebuli nivTis mCuqeblis mier ukan gamoTxovis uflebas im SemTxvevaSi, Tu nivTis gaCuqebis Semdeg mCuqebeli mZime mdgomareobaSi aRmoCndeba da mas ar SeuZlia Tavisi Tavis an mis kmayofaze myofi pirebis rCena. nivTis ukan dabruneba mCuqebels SeuZlia, Tu es nivTi gaCuqebis Semdeg realurad arsebobs da dabruneba mZime mdgomareobaSi ar Caayenebs dasaCuqrebuls. am muxlis Sinaarsi savsebiT gasagebi da misaRebia. rogorc vxedavT, gaCuqebis Semdeg kanonmdebeli mCuqebels aZlevs nivTis dabrunebis SesaZleblobas Tu is an mis kmazofaze myofni mZime mdgomareobaSi Cavardebian. aset dros savsebiT SesaZlebelia imis dadgena Cavarda Tu ara piri mZime mdgomareobaSi.

maSasadame, Tu aRmoCnda iseTi viTareba, rodesac mesakuTrem gaaCuqa qoneba da mas moespo saarsebo wyaro misi am qmedebis gamo, mas SeuZlia nivTis ukan dabruneba s.s.k-is 530-e muxlis safuZvelze. Sesabamisad, s.s.k-is 526-e muxlis arseboba im saxiT ra saxiTac is exla aris, saWiro ar aris, Tumca batonma metrevelma SemogvTavaza aRniSnuli normis Semdgenairad Camoyaliebeba: “pirs ufleba ara aqvs gaaCuqos qoneba, Tu qonebis gaCuqeba saarsebo wyaros uspobs mCuqeblis kmayofaze myof pirebs”. anu moxda erTi sityvis - “mCuqebels”. piradad me veTanxmebi batoni giorgis mier SemoTavazebul variants da mimaCnia, rom es ufro xelsayreli norma iqneba, raTa winaswar aviciloT Tavidan mosalodneli sirTuleebi da aqcenti gadatanili iqnes im pirebze, romlebis Cuqebis xelSekrulebaSi naklebad daculni arian, eseni arian mCuqeblis kmayofaze myofi pirebi. rac Seexeba dasaCuqrebuls, kanonmdebeli mas icavs 530-e muxlis pirveli punqtiT, sadan naTqvamia, rom mCuqebeli nivTis dabrunebas ver moiTxovos Tu es mZime mdgomareobaSi Caayenebs dasaCuqrebuls.

 

gamoyenebuli literatura

1.   saqarTvelos samoqalaqo kodeqsi, Tb., 2011;

2.   saqarTvelos samoqalaqo kodeqsis komentari, wigni meore, gamomcemloba “samarTali”, 2001;

3.   lado Wanturia, uZravi nivTebis sakuTreba, Tb., 1995.

4.   zurab axvlediani, valdebulebiTi samarTali, gamomcemloba “samarTali”, 1999;

5.   zurab ZlieriSvili, Cuqebis samarTlebrivi buneba, gamomcemloba “meridiani”, 2010;

6.   besarion zoiZe, qarTuli sanivTo samarTali, Tb., 2003;

7.   giorgi metreveli, Cuqebis samarTlebrivi regulirebis srulyofisaTvis, Tb., 2010;

PP.S.

      

darwmunebuli var beWdvis dros Secdomebi meqneba daSvebuli da bodis vixdi. Tu postis dadebis dros daakvirdebiT Cems mdgomareobaSi SexvalT :) :) :)